Listed here are reports that use, apply or critique the four-frame model. If you are aware of work that we have not included, we would appreciate hearing about it. Please send me an email: lee@bolman.com. [Updated: April, 2023]
Bolman/Deal Research Using the Leadership Orientations Instrument
Bolman, L. G. and Deal, T. E. 1992. “Leading and Managing: Effects of Context, Culture and Gender.” Education Administration Quarterly, 28, 314-329.
Bolman, L. G. and Deal, T. E. 1992. “Reframing Leadership: the Effects of Leaders’ Images of Leadership.” In Clark, K. E., Clark, M. B, and Campbell, D. (Eds.). Impact of Leadership. Greensboro, North Carolina: Center for Creative Leadership.
Bolman, L. G. and Deal, T. E. 1991. “Leadership and Management Effectiveness: a Multi-Frame, Multi-Sector Analysis.” Human Resource Management, 30, 509-534. (This is more recent than the 1992 publications–the publication date is misleading because HRM was running behind at the time.)
Bolman, L. G., and Granell, E. “Flexible Leadership: A Comparative Analysis of Venezuelan Managers.” Paper presented at First International Conference, Ibero-American Academy of Management, Madrid, December, 1999.
Published Research and Commentary
Ademola, O. E. 2016. Application of reframing model to a religious organization. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 18(11), 11-20. Application of Organizational structure (d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net)
Anfara, V. A., Endy, C., Kester, C., Mumford, A., Rothman, H. 1999. Will the lemons continue to dance? Hard times in Westlake School District. Journal of Cases in Educational Leadership. 2(1). https://doi-org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/10.1177/155545899900200101
Alexander, D. 2006. Reframing leadership communication: consequences for organisational leaders resulting from communication failure: an Australian case study. Digital Library in Public Relations. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/138
Ardagh, D., 2005. Towards a Theory of Corporate Governance for Virtuous Organisations: an ethical reconstruction of Bolman and Deal’s Reframing Organisations. In Philosophy of Management Conference. Reason in Practice Ltd.
Ardagh, D., 2013. A critique of some anglo-american models of collective moral agency in business. Philosophy of Management, 12(3), 5-25. A Critique of Some Anglo-American Models of Collective Moral Agency in Business | SpringerLink
Avery, G. C., and Baker, E. 2002. Reframing the infomated household-workplace. Information and Organization, 12, No. 2, April, pp. 109-134. Reframing the infomated household-workplace – ScienceDirect
Barrett, A. and Achinstein, B. 2004. (Re)Framing Classroom Contexts: How New Teachers and Mentors View Diverse Learners and Challenges of Practice. Teachers College Record, 2004, 716-746. https://www.tcrecord.org ID Number: 11533, Date Accessed: 12/3/2021.
Bensimon, E. M. 1989. The Meaning of `Good Presidential Leadership’: a Frame Analysis. The Review of Higher Education, 12, 107-123.
Bensimon, E. M. 1990. Viewing the Presidency: Perceptual Congruence Between Presidents and Leaders on their Campuses. The Leadership Quarterly, 1, 71-90.
Bigham, G. and Reavis, C. 2001. Preferred leadership frames of principals in implementing a state-wide teacher appraisal system. Contemporary Education, 72(2). Preferred leadership frames of principals in implementing a state-wide teacher appraisal system – ProQuest
Bista, M. B. and Glasman, N. S. 1998. Principals’ Perceptions of Their Approaches to Organizational Leadership: Revisiting Bolman and Deal. Journal of School Leadership, 8, 26-48.
Borovkova, B..A., and Borokova, B. A. 2018. , Reframing the risk management process of entities.. Economic Analysis: Theory and Practice, 8(479). Reframing the risk management process of entities (fin-izdat.com)
Boswell, C., Christopher, M., & Colburn, J. 2018. Leadership for Kids: Curriculum for Building Intentional Leadership in Gifted Learners (Grades 3-6) (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003236122
Bowen, D. D. 1998. Team Frames: The Multiple Realities of the Team. Journal of Management Education, 22(1), 95-103. https://doi.org/10.1177/105256299802200108
Bowen, E. 2004. “A Leadership Reality Check Involving County Extension Leaders and Their Stakeholders.” Journal of Higher Education Outreach and Engagement, 10(1), pp. 79-90.
Brocklesby, J. & Mingers, J. 1999. The Cognitive Limits on Organisational Reframing: A Systems Perspective Based on the Theory of Autopoiesis. Paper presented at the International System Dynamics Conference, Wellington, August 1999. http://www.systemdynamics.org/conferences/1999/PAPERS/PLEN4.PDF
Buller, J. L. 2015. In Buller, J. L. Change Leadership in Higher Education: A Practical Guide to Academic Transformation. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Carter, J. A. 2006. Principals’ perspectives on facilitating inclusive education: an international investigation. Paper presented at Hawaii International Conference on Education. http://www.hiceducation.org/edu_proceedings/Joya%20Anastasia%20Carter.pdf
Cheal, J. The Three Logics, Reframing and Sleight of Mouth. Microsoft Word – Logics & SoM v2.doc (gwiznlp.com)
Chen, C.H., 2006. Educational Leadership and Change: A Perspective of Bolman and Deal’s Multi-Frame of Leadership. 興國學報, (5), pp.223-235. Airiti Library_Educational+Leadership+and+Change:+A+Perspective+of+Bolman+and+Deal’s+Multi-Frame+of+Leadership
Cheng, Y. C. 1994. Principal’s leadership as a critical indicator of school performance: Evidence from multi-levels of primary schools. School Effectiveness and School Improvement: An International Journal of Research, Policy, and Practice, 5(3), 299317.
Cole, S. S. 2010. Reframing Research Administration. Journal of Research Administration, 41(1), 11-21. ERIC – EJ886789 – Reframing Research Administration, Journal of Research Administration, 2010 (ed.gov)
Contreras Pacheco, O. E., Vesga Morales, A. C. and Barbosa Calderón, A. E. 2016. Marcos de Liderazgo en las empresas: Caso Bucaramanga y su área metropolitana. [Leadership frames in companies: the case of Bucaramanga and its metropolitan area.] Dimensión Empresarial, 14(1), 39-55. https://paperity.org/p/231803735/marcos-de-liderazgo-en-las-empresas-caso-bucaramanga-y-su-area-metropolitana
Cumberland, D.M. and Nielsen, G., 2021. Helping a Nonprofit CEO Pivot Her Leadership Style. In Lavenia, K. N., and May, J. J. Case Studies in Leadership and Adult Development: Applying Theoretical Perspectives to Real World Challenges. Routledge. Case Studies in Leadership and Adult Development: Applying Theoretical … – Google Books
Dalcher, D., 2019. Reframing leadership: Why what you search for will determine what you find. In Leading the Project Revolution, 39-46. Routledge.
Devecioğlu, S. 2018. The Leadership Orientations of the Students Receiving Sports Education in Turkey. International Education Studies, 11:8, 58-68. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1186390.pdf
Dever, J. T. 1997. Reconciling Educational Leadership and the Learning Organization. Community College Review, 2, 57-63.
Douglass, K., & Mehra, B. 2016. A four frames analysis to address the information challenges of families of children with ADHD: Actions for Public Libraries to Address Embedded Power Imbalances. Libri, 66(1), 59-71.
Eichenholtz, S., Sosin, A.A., Peper-Sanello, M., Marcellino, P.A., Uttendorfer, M. and Burton, D. 2008, March. Initiating, Reframing, and Investigating Blended and Online Courses: Models for Effective Instructional Practice. In Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference (pp. 360-363). Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE).
Ekinović, S., Kopač, J., Dolinšek, S. and Begović, E. 2005. Some characteristics of implementation of a PDM system in one typical BiH Factory. . environment, 3(4), p.5.
Erdemir, B., Demir, C.E., Yıldırım Öcal, J. and Kondakçı, Y., 2020, April. Academic mobbing in relation to leadership practices: A new perspective on an old issue. In The Educational Forum (Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 126-139). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131725.2020.1698684
Eskridge, H.N., Making Your Case: A Practical Approach for Managers on Getting Funding and Support. 2020. Library Leadership & Management, 34(2). Making Your Case: A Practical Approach for Managers on Getting Funding and Support | Eskridge | Library Leadership & Management (tdl.org)
Feuer, E., 2020. Hazing Definitions of Students and Administrators at Two Institutions Using a Four Frame Approach. Oracle: The Research Journal of the Association of Fraternity/Sorority Advisors, 14(2), pp.38-49. https://doi.org/10.25774/8t4g-9t46
Fincher, R. E., et al. 2000. Scholarship in Teaching: an Imperative for the 21st Century. Academic Medicine, 75(9), 887-894.
Fleming-May, R. A. and Douglass, K. 2014. Framing Librarianship in the Academy: an Analysis Using Bolman and Deal’s Model of Organizations. College and Research Libraries. https://paperity.org/p/37566557/framing-librarianship-in-the-academy-an-analysis-using-bolman-and-deals-model-of
Fruehauf, J., 2014. A Case Study for Small Manufacturing in the Globalized Economy Using the Principles of Bolman and Deal. In Human Capital without Borders: Knowledge and Learning for Quality of Life; Proceedings of the Management, Knowledge and Learning International Conference 2014 (pp. 1059-1062). ToKnowPress.
Fruehauf, J., Al-Khalifa, F., and Coniker, J. 2015. Using the Bolman and Deal’s Four Frames in Developing a Data Governance Strategy. Issues in Information Systems, 16(2), 161-167.
Gerber, P. J., Reiff, H. B., and Ginsberg, R. 1996. Reframing the Learning Disabilities Experience. 29, No. 1. https://doi.org/10.1177/002221949602900112
Goldman, P. and Smith, N. 1991. Filling the frames: using Bolman and Deal to analyze an educational innovation. ERIC ED355639. http://www.eric.ed.gov.
Gutierrez, K.J., 2014. An exploration and understanding of the US common core state standards: A multi-perspective organizational theory analysis. The Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning, 10(1), p.74.
Hall-Jones, J., Simmons, T., Stermer, E., van Hemert, J.P. and Vogel, M., 2018. Onboarding Employees Through Shared Values. Journal of Research, Assessment, and Practice in Higher Education, 3(1), p.9.
Head, A. J., and Brown, K. 1996. Reframing Techniques and Managing Change Within the Library Setting. Journal of Library Administration, 22, No. 1. https://doi.org/10.1300/J111v22n01_01
Heimovics, R. D., Herman, R. D., and Jurkiewicz, C. L. 1995. “The Political Dimension of Effective Nonprofit Executive Leadership,” Vol.5, No.3, Spring 1995. Nonprofit Management and Leadership: A Quarterly Journal, 233-248. Voted the 1996 winner of the Peter F. Drucker Prize for the Best Scholarly Paper in Nonprofit Management and Leadership.
Heimovics, R. D., Herman, R. D., and Jurkiewicz Coughlin, C. L. 1993. “Executive Leadership and Resource Dependence in Nonprofit Organizations: a Frame Analysis.” Public Administration Review, 53(5), 419-427.
Heinrich, W. F., Smith, M. C., Shea, H. D., & King, E. A. (2021). Goldilocks Learning Outcomes: Addressing Organizational Barriers and Relevance. Innovative Higher Education, 1-21. Goldilocks Learning Outcomes: Addressing Organizational Barriers and Relevance | SpringerLink
Heminway, J. M. 2010. “ Reframing and Reforming the Securities and Exchange Commission: Lessons from Literature on Change Leadership.” Villanova Law Review, Vol. 55, 2010, University of Tennessee Legal Studies Research Paper No. 125
Holmes, W. T., and Scull, W. R. 2019. Reframing organizations through leadership communications: the four-frames of leadership viewed through motivating language. Development and Learning in Organizations, 33, No. 5. Reframing organizations through leadership communications: the four-frames of leadership viewed through motivating language | Emerald Insight
Irwin, K. M. 2020. Characteristics Influencing Academic Librarians’ Political Skills: Keys to Organizational Effectiveness and Career Success. Journal of Library Administration, December. https://doi-org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/10.1080/01930826.2020.1853471
Islam, N. M., Laughter, L., Sadid-Zadeh, R. S. Smith, C., Dolan, T. A., and Crain, G. 2022. Adopting artificial intelligence in dental education: A model for academic leadership and innovation. Journal of Dental Education, 86:11, 1545-155. First published: 03 July 2022 https://doi.org/10.1002/jdd.13010.
Israel, M. S., and Kasper, B. B. 2008. Reframing Leadership to Create Change. The Educational Forum, 69, No. 1, 16-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131720408984661
Jallow, B.G., 2014. The case for African leadership studies and leadership in colonial Africa: An introduction. In Leadership in colonial Africa (pp. 1-21). Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
Joo, M. T. H., Hee, T. F. and Piaw, C. Y., 2014. Leadership Orientations of an Educational Leader in a Private University in Malaysia. Procedia — Social and Behavioral Sciences, 114:21, 681-686. Leadership Orientations of an Educational Leader in a Private University in Malaysia – ScienceDirect
Kaae, S., Søndergaard, B., Haugbølle, L.S. and Traulsen, J.M., 2011. The relationship between leadership style and provision of the first Danish publicly reimbursed cognitive pharmaceutical service—a qualitative multicase study. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 7(2), pp.113-121. The relationship between leadership style and provision of the first Danish publicly reimbursed cognitive pharmaceutical service—A qualitative multicase study – ScienceDirect
Katz, N.H. and Wahlgren, M.A., 2022. Utilization of Frames and Reframing for Organizational Leadership and Conflict Management Effectiveness. De Gruyter Handbook of Organizational Conflict Management, p.103.
Kezar, A., Eckel, P., Contreras-McGavin, M., & Quaye, S. 2008. Creating a web of support: An important leadership strategy for advancing campus diversity. Higher Education, 55(1), 69-92.
Khanal, J., Gaulee, U., & Simpson, O. 2021. Higher education initiative challenges based on multiple frames of leadership: the case of Nepal Open University. Open Learning: The Journal of Open, Distance and e-Learning, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680513.2021.1882296
Khanal, J., Perry, F. and Park, S.H., 2020. Leadership practices of principals of high-performing community high schools: Evidence from Nepal. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 48(6), pp.1026-1045. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143219884076
Kolomitro, K., Hamilton,J., Leslie, K., Hazelton, L., Veerapen, K., Kelly-Turner, K. & Keegan, D. 2021. “Viewing faculty development through an organizational lens: Sharing lessons learned.” Medical Teacher, 43:8, 894-899, DOI: 10.1080/0142159X.2021.1931078
Krzakiewicz, K. and Cyfert, S., 2010. Reframing in Organisational Renewal Processes. Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu. Nauki o Zarządzaniu, 5(148)Transformations and Dynamics in Management Concepts and Cases Corporate Renewal), pp.48-54.
Laske, O. E. 1999. An integrated model of developmental coaching. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 51(3), 139–159. https://doi.org/10.1037/1061-4087.51.3.139
Lavigne, E., 2019, April. Leadership qualities sought of Canadian academic deans in job announcements from 2011 through 2015. In Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Researchers Asoociation. Leadership-Qualities-Sought-of-Canadian-Academic-Deans-in-Job-Announcements-from-2011-through-2015.pdf (researchgate.net)
Lavigne, E., & Sá, C. M. 2021. The changing roles and qualifications of Canadian university presidents and provosts. Higher Education, 81(3), 537-550. The changing roles and qualifications of Canadian university presidents and provosts | SpringerLink
Li, D., 2018. Reframing Leadership in Chinese Merged Higher Education Institution. https://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-03-0816-2
Liang, N. and Wang, J. 2004. Implicit Mental Models in Teaching Cases: an Empirical Study of Popular MBA Cases in the United States and China. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 3(4), 397-413.
Lumpkin, A., 2008. Three Keys to Success for Principals (and Their Teachers) A Principal’s Emphasis on Values, People, and Teamwork Will Positively Impact a School’s Culture. Kappa Delta Pi Record, 45(1), pp.22-25.
Lyon, L., Nadershahi, N., Nattestad, A., Kachalia, P., and Hammer, D. A. 2014. Curricular Reform Viewed through Bolman and Deal’s Organizational Frames. Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, 14, No. 3, 16-33. ERIC – EJ1035091 – A Curricular Reform Viewed through Bolman and Deal’s Organizational Frames, Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, 2014-Aug
Mabey, C. 2003. Reframing Human Resource Development. Human Resource Development Review, 2, No. 4. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484303258042
Maldonado, H.D. 2017. Reframing Leadership Development through Shared Governance. In Kramer, S. F. (Ed.). Shared Governance in Higher Education: New Paradigms, Evolving Perspectives. SUNY Press.
Mannix, L., Mondoux, S. and Story, D., 2019. Education Theory Made Practical–Volume 3, Part 1: Bolman and Deal’s Four-Frame Model. ICE Blog, Apr 9. Education Theory Made Practical – Volume 3, Part 1: Bolman and Deal’s Four-Frame Model – ICE Blog (royalcollege.ca)
Marie, J. 2020. Reframing educational enhancement at University College London. In Potter, J., and Devecchi, C. Delivering Educational Change in Higher Education. London: Routledge, https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429053405-14/reframing-educational-enhancement-university-college-london-jenny-marie
Marsick, V. J., Volpe, M. and Watkins, K. E.. 1999. Theory and Practice of Informal Learning in the Knowledge Era. Advances in developing human resources, 1, 80-95.
Merz, C. 2003. Understanding the organization where deans work: Frames and models. In W. H. Gmelch (Ed.), pp. 79-88. Washington, DC: American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED481388.pdf
Miller, J.M., 2012. Framing sustainability. J Sustainability Education, 3. MillerJSE2012-1.pdf (jsedimensions.org)
Mohamed, A. F. 2020. Reframing Leadership in the Algerian Higher Education Institutions. Review MECAS, 16:1, 31-39. https://www.asjp.cerist.dz/en/downArticle/174/16/1/118303
Monahan, M., Shah, A., Bao, Y. and Rana, Jyoti. 2015. Does the Field of Study Influence the Choice of Leadership? A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Business vs. Non-Business Majors. Research in Higher Education Journal, 28. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1062099.pdf
Moon, M., 2020. Retooling for the Revolution: Framing the Future of Museum Management After COVID-19. Journal of Cultural Management and Cultural Policy/Zeitschrift für Kulturmanagement und Kulturpolitik, 6(2), pp.193-220. https://doi.org/10.14361/zkmm-2020-0208
Mosser, N. R. and Walls, R. T. 2002. Leadership frames of nursing chairpersons and the organizational climate in baccalaureate nursing programs. Southern Online Journal of Nursing Research, 3.
Mullins, K.H., 2020. Non-Academic Assessment in the Era of COVID-19: Utilizing Bolman and Deal’s Four Frames. Intersection: A Journal at the Intersection of Assessment and Learning, 2(1), p.17624.
[Nakano, M.] 中野美加, 2011. An example of applying an organizational management model to clinical nursing leadership. 甲南女子大学研究紀要. 看護学・リハビリテーション学編= Studies in nursing and rehabilitation, 5, 25-31.
Novak, J. and Day, A., 2015. The libraries they are a-changin’: How libraries reorganize. College & Undergraduate Libraries, 22(3-4), pp.358-373. The Libraries They Are A-Changin’: How Libraries Reorganize: College & Undergraduate Libraries: Vol 22, No 3-4 (tandfonline.com)
Oh, S., 2018. Exploring how learning takes place in organizations: using a reframing organization frameworks. Journal of Agricultural Education and Human Resource Development. 50(4), 133-157. Exploring how learning takes place in organizations: using a reframing organization frameworks (fao.org)
Omachonu, F., 2012. ” Politics” of Upward Mobility for Women and Minorities in Higher Education. Online submission. ERIC – ED548245 – “Politics” of Upward Mobility for Women and Minorities in Higher Education, Online Submission, 2012-Mar-26
O’Meara, K. 2010. Reframing Incentives and Rewards for Community Service-Learning and Academic Outreach. Journal of Higher Education Outreach and Engagement,8, No. 2. Reframing Incentives and Rewards for Community Service-Learning and Academic Outreach | Journal of Higher Education Outreach and Engagement (uga.edu)
Palestini, R. H. 1999. Leadership Tendencies of Continuing Education Administrators. PAACE Journal of Lifelong Learning, 8, 31-39.
Palmer, I. and Dunford, R. 1996. Integrating Reframing: Evaluating Metaphor-based Analyses of Organizations. In Clegg, S. and Palmer, G. The Politics of Management Knowledge. Sage.
Palmer, I. and Dunford, R. 1996. Reframing and organizational action: the unexplored link. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 9, 12-25. Reframing and organizational action: the unexplored link | Emerald Insight.
Parry, A. E. and Horton, M. J. 1998. Finding, not looking, for leadership: a case study using the Bolman and Deal Model. Journal of Leadership Studies, 5. http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=5001503067
Patterson, J., et al. 2002. Mentoring females and minorities into higher education. Advancing Women in Leadership, Fall, 2002. http://www.advancingwomen.com/awl/fall2002/ABBOTT.html
Pisapia, J., Reyes-Guerra, D. and Coukos-Semmel, E., 2005. Developing the leader’s strategic mindset: Establishing the measures. Leadership Review, 5(1), pp.41-68. PisapiaArticle-with-cover-page-v2.pdf (d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net)
Ratsifandrihamanana, L.H., 2015. Reframing Organizations: Case study of the African Union Commission. Academia. Reframing_organizations_-_case_study_of_AUC_LHR_2015-with-cover-page-v2.pdf (d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net)
Rehman, R., Ali, R., Khan, R. and Arain, F.M., 2017. An Organizational Challenge: Reframing Of Leadership to Introduce Master s Program in Basic Sciences. Journal of Bahria University Medical and Dental College, 7(4), pp.254-256.
Rhodes, G., Robinson, K.K., Kubasko, D.S., Ryder, A.J., Hooker, S.D., Reid-Griffin, A. and Sterrett, W.L. 2021. Reframing educator preparation to collaboratively prepare teachers and administrators: challenges and advantages. Development and Learning in Organizations. https://doi.org/10.1108/DLO-04-2021-0065
Rice, D. and Harris, M. M. 2003. “Leadership in community schools: a frame analysis.” Reclaiming Children and Youth, 11.
Richardson, J.W., Watts, J.L.D. and Sterrett, W.L. 2021. “Challenges of being a digitally savvy principal”, Journal of Educational Administration. 59(3), pp. 318-334. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEA-10-2020-0215
Risen, D. N. 2007. Attendance policies and student grades. Journal of Cases in Educational Leadership, 10(1), 1-6
Rodríguez, L. y Freites, Z. M. 2013. “Perspectivas de liderazgo consideradas por Bolman y Deal: un análisis en los gerentes venezolanos.” (Leadership Perspectives Considered by Bolman and Deal: An Analysis of Venezuelan Managers.) Telos, Revista de Estudios Interdisciplinarios en Ciencias Sociales, 15(1). http://publicaciones.urbe.edu/index.php/telos/article/viewArticle/2501/3647
Ruan, J., Cai, Y., and Stensaker, B. 2023. University Managers or Institutional Leaders? An Exploration of Top-Level Leadership in Chinese Universities. High Educ (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-023-01031-x
Sasnett, B. and Ross, T. 2007. Leadership Frames and Perceptions of Effectiveness Among Health Information Management Program Directors. Perspectives in Health Information Manageme http://library.ahima.org/xpedio/groups/public/ documents/ahima/bok1_035661.html
Schneiderman, J. U. 2004. The Health of Children in Foster Care. Journal of School Nursing, 20(6), 343-351. http://171.66.127.221/content/20/6/343.short
Schneiderman, J. U. 2005, July. The Child Welfare System: Through the Eyes of Public Health Nurses. Public Health Nursing, 22(4), 354-359. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0737-1209.2005.220412.x/abstract;jsessionid=6979B79931CF6D158E75FC726DBB25A3.d02t01?deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=&userIsAuthenticated=false
Scott, D. K. 1999. A multiframe perspective of leadership and organizational climate in intercollegiate athletics. Journal of Sport Management, 13, 298-316.
Schuman, S. 1998. Myth, symbol and tenure. College Teaching, 46. http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=95171226
Scull, W.R, Harbour, C. P., and Han, K.T. 2020. Community colleges through the human resources organizational frame. Development and Learning in Organizations. 35(2), 45-48.
Shum, L. S. & Cheng, Y.C. 1997. Perceptions of woman principals leadership and teachers work attitudes. Journal of Educational Administration. 35(2), 168-188.
Sjøbakk B. and Knutstad G. 2017. Reframing the Outsourcing Process. In: Lödding H., Riedel R., Thoben KD., von Cieminski G., and Kiritsis D. (eds). Advances in Production Management Systems. The Path to Intelligent, Collaborative and Sustainable Manufacturing. APMS 2017. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66926-7_3
Sowcik, M., Carter, H. and McKee, V., 2018. Reframing Recognition in Organizations. EDIS, 2018(6).
Sriharan, A., Ratnapalan, S., Tricco, A.C., and Lupea, D. 2021. “Women in healthcare experiencing occupational stress and burnout during COVID-19: a rapid review. BMJ Open. https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/11/4/e048861.abstract
Sriram, R. and Farley, J. H. 2014. Circular framing: A model for applying Bolman and Deal’s four frames in student affairs administration. Journal of Student Affairs. fulltext_stamped-with-cover-page-v2.pdf (d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net)
Stephens, M. and. Wilson-Kennedy, Z. S. 2019. A Call for Transformative Leadership: Addressing the Lack of Female Full Professors in STEM at HBCUs. AACU Peer Review, Winter/Spring 2019, Vol. 21, No. 1/2.
Suchet-Pearson, S. and Howitt, R. 2010. On Teaching and Learning Resource and Environmental Management: reframing capacity building in multicultural settings. Australian Geographer, 37, No. 1, 117-128. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049180500512010
Sullivan, L. G. 2001. Four generations of community college leadership. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 25(8),559-571(13)
Sypawka, W. Mallett, W. and McFadden, C. 2010. Leadership styles of community college academic deans. The Community College Enterprise, 16(1), 63-73. Leadership styles of community college academic deans – ProQuest
Swiercz, P. M. 2003. Rational, Human, Political, and Symbolic Text in Harvard Business School Cases: A Study of Structure and Content. Journal of Management Education, 27(4), 407-430.
Tan, M., Hee, T. F. and Piaw, C. Y. 2015.A Qualitative Study of the Leadership Style of a Vice-Chancellor in a Private University in Malaysia. Sage Open, Jan-Mar, 1-11. http://sgo.sagepub.com/content/spsgo/5/1/2158244015577665.full.pdf
Thompson, D. F., Farmer, K. C., Beall, D. G., Evans, D. J., Melchert, R. B., Ross, L. A., et al. 2008. Identifying perceptions of professionalism in pharmacy using a four-frame leadership model. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 72(4), 1-8.
Thompson, M. D. 2000. Gender, Leadership Orientation, and Effectiveness: Testing the Theoretical Models of Bolman & Deal and Quinn. Sex Roles, 42, 969-992.
Thompson, M. D. 2005. Organizational Climate Perception and Job Element Satisfaction: A Multi-frame Application in a Higher Education Setting. E-Journal of Organizational Learning and Leadership, Vol. 4 (Fall/Winter), http://www.weleadinlearning.org/mt05.
Tuin, S., Mohamad, S.I.S. and Ishak, R., 2021. Key Leadership Styles and Perception Differences Among Sabah Rural School Principals. Management Research Journal, 10(1), pp.137-143.htm Key Leadership Styles and Perception Differences Among Sabah Rural School Principals | Management Research Journal (upsi.edu.my)
Tull, A., & Freeman, J. P. 2011. Reframing student affairs leadership: An analysis of organizational frames of reference and locus of control. Research in the Schools, 18(1), 33-43. Link.
Turley, C. L. 2004. A frames analysis of radiation therapy program director leadership. Radiation Therapist, 13(1), 15-19. http://www.asrt.org/media/pdf/turley.pdf
Uscher, N.J. 2020, Reframing Leadership as Scholarship: A New Paradigm for 21st Century Global Arts Higher Education. In ISME Commission on Policy: Culture, Media and Education Virtual Conference, 176.
Uzarski, D., and Broome, M. E. 2019. A Leadership Framework for Implementation of an Organization’s Strategic Plan. Journal of Professional Nursing, 35(1), 12-17. A Leadership Framework for Implementation of an Organization’s Strategic Plan – ScienceDirect
Vuori, J. 2011.Leadership Frames of Program Directors at Finnish Universities of Applied Sciences. Tampere, Finland: Tampere University Press. http://acta.uta.fi/english/teos.php?id=11418
Vuori, J. Understanding academic leadership using the four frame model. 2018. In Pekkola, E., Kivistö, J., Vuokko, K., Yuzhuo, C., Lyytinen A.,(Eds.). Theoretical and methodological perspectives on higher education management and transformation. Tampere University Press, Tampere, Finland, pp. 167-178. https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/28911/Theoretical_and_Methodological_Perspectives_On_Higher_Education.pdf?sequence=1#page=169
Wilson, K., & Sy, J. (2021). A framework for managing innovation in higher education: lessons learnt from the UAE iPad initiative. Learning and Teaching in Higher Education: Gulf Perspectives. A framework for managing innovation in higher education: lessons learnt from the UAE iPad initiative | Emerald Insight
Wimpelberg, R. K. 1987. Managerial Images and School Effectiveness. Administrators’ Notebook, 32, 1-4.
Winter, R. P.,. Sarros, J. C. and Tanewski, G. A. 1997. Reframing Managers’control Orientations and Practices: a Proposed Organizational Learning Framework. The International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 5, No. 1. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/eb028860/full/html.
Yi, Z., 2011. Planning change in the information age: approaches of academic library directors in the United States. International Journal of Knowledge, Culture and Change Management, 10(12), 155-176. Planning Change in the Information Age: Approaches of Academic Library Directors in the United States — Charles Sturt University Research Output (csu.edu.au)
Yi, Z., 2009. The management of change in information technology: Approaches of academic library directors in the United States. International Journal of Knowledge, Culture and Change Management, 9(11), pp.109-130. The management of change in information technology: Approaches of academic library directors in the United States — Charles Sturt University Research Output (csu.edu.au)
Yi, Z. 2012. Conducting meetings in the change process: Approaches of academic library directors in the United States. Library Management, 33(1/2), 22-35. https://doi.org/10.1108/01435121211203293
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Yildirim, N., Kantek, F., & Yilmaz, F. A. (2021). Relationships between leadership orientations and emotional intelligence in nursing students. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12871
Yilmaz Y, Ruan B, Thomas P et al. 2021. Reframing organizations in the digital age: A qualitative study exploring institutional social media adoption. F1000Research, 10(1048). https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73439.1
Youtz, S. C. 1998. Role Evolution Demands a New Vision of Leadership. Organizations & Networks. Clinical Nurse Specialist, 12(1), 37.
Yusuf, Y., Ruan, B., Thomas, P., Tran, V., & Teresa, M. C. 2021. Reframing organizations in the digital age: A qualitative study exploring institutional social media adoption involving emergency physicians and other researchers. F1000Research, 10. Reframing organizations in the digital age: A qualitative study exploring institutional social media adoption involving emergency physicians and other researchers – ProQuest
Zai, R. 2015. Reframing General Education. The Journal of General Education, 64, No. 3, pp. 196-217. Reframing General Education on JSTOR
Works using frameworks similar to the four frames include:
Bergquist, W. H. 1992. The Four Cultures of the Academy. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. (Bergquist describes four cultures: collegial, managerial, developmental, and negotiating.)
Birnbaum, R. How Colleges Work. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass: 1988. (Birnbaum uses four images that have parallels to the frames: collegial, bureaucratic, political, and anarchical.)
Doctoral Dissertations Using Four-Frame Concepts
Bankes, P. R. 2002. A study to identify the prevailing cognitive disposition of those trained as assessors for the School Administrators Skills Assessment program. Dissertation, Texas Tech University. http://esr.lib.ttu.edu/dissertations/AAI3043204/
Barnes, B. C. B. 2015. Leading the initial implementation phase of the TandemED Community Initiative with the Pittsburgh Public Schools. Dissertation, Harvard Graduate School of Education. https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/16645029/BARNES-CAPSTONE-2015.pdf?sequence=1
Becker, N. J. 1999. Implementing technology in higher education: The leadership role and perspectives of the chief information officer. Columbia University Digital Commons. http://digitalcommons.libraries.columbia.edu/dissertations/
Belen, J. A. R. 2017. Stress management plan for academic administrators of state universities in Region IV-A. Doctoral dissertation, Batangas State University, Phillipines.
Boff, Colleen T. 2015. “A Quantitative Study of Academic Library Administrators Using Bolman and Deal’s Leadership Orientation Framework.” Doctoral dissertation, Bowling Green State University. https://etd.ohiolink.edu/pg_10?0::NO:10:P10_ACCESSION_NUM:bgsu1446731663
Boggs, A. L. 2010. Community College Department Chairs’ Leadership Styles and Faculty Utilization of Instructional Technology. Graduate Theses, Dissertations and Problem Reports 2989. West Virginia University. Community College Department Chairs’ Leadership Styles and Faculty Utilization of Instructional Technology (wvu.edu)
Bowen, E.P. 2004. Perspectives on the Leadership Styles of West Virginia University Extension Service County Program Coordinators. Doctoral dissertation, West Virginia University.
Burks, Tom Dean. 1992. The use of organizational frames in leadership development. Thesis (Ed.D.)Peabody College for Teachers of Vanderbilt University.
Cadwell, Karin. 1994. Redesigning Delivery of Care: A Four-Frame Analysis of Patient-Centered Innovations in Six U.S. Hospitals. Union Institute Graduate Program.
Cantu, Dana Andreas. 1997. The Leadership Frames of Academic Deans Randomly Selected and Nominated as Exceptionally Effective at Public Colleges and Universities. Arkansas State University.
Chang, T. 2004. Leadership styles of department chairs and faculty utilization of instructional technology. Doctoral dissertation, West Virginia University.
Childress, Georgia Pearl Esters. 1994. An exploratory study of leadership orientation frames of United States-based Japanese and American leaders in the automotive manufacturing industry. Thesis (ED.D.)Peabody College for Teachers of Vanderbilt University. 134p.
Clark, S. L. 2014. University Council for Educational Administration (UCEA) academic department chairs’ self-perceived utilization of Bolman and Deal’s four-frame theoretical model. Thesis, Alabama State University.
Coles, J. 2005. Multiple perspectives in alternative school leadership development: A study of three first-year urban principals . Dissertation, Fordham University.
Crist, B. E. 1999. A study of the relationship of the job satisfaction of chief academic officers of institutions of higher education and the perceived leadership style of the institution’s president. Ed. D. thesis. West Virginia University. Retrieved July 24, 2008, from http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=775
Davis, R. The Effect of Leadership Orientations on Student Achievement. 2011. Dissertation, Louisiana Tech University. https://digitalcommons.latech.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1364&context=dissertations
Davis, Thelma Irene. 1996. The ways administrators work: a study of the theoretical framers of leadership used by female and male secondary school principals in Pennsylvania. Thesis (Ed.D.)–Temple University. Dissertation Abstracts International. Volume: 57-06, Section: A, page: 2287.
DeFrank-Cole, Lisa M. 2003. An exploration of the differences in female and male self-perceptions of presidential leadership styles at colleges and universities in West Virginia. University of Pittsburgh.
Deluca, Sandra. 2009. Leadership orientation style and use of power: a study of New Jersey male superintendents. Seton Hall University.
Durocher, Elizabeth Antoinette. 1995. Leadership orientations of school administrators: a survey of nationally recognized school leaders. Thesis (Ed.D.) Columbia University Teachers College, 145p. Dissertation Abstracts International. Volume: 57-02, Section: A, page: 0525. http://digitalcommons.libraries.columbia.edu/
Eckley, Mona Elaine Nelson. 1997. The relationship between teacher empowerment and principal leadership styles (school organization). Thesis (PH.D.)–The Pennsylvania State University.
Edmunds, Maribeth. 2007. The female superintendency: reframing our understanding of women’s leadership styles and behaviors. Thesis (Ed.D.) — Seton Hall University.
Eick, C. L. M. 2003. Factors that promote effective risk management at universities classified by the Carnegie system as Doctoral/Research universities. Ed.D. thesis. Auburn University. Retrieved July 22, 2008, from http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=766056541&Fmt=7&clientId=65345&RQT=309&VName=PQD
Ecelbarger, R. P. 1998. Leadership, process improvement, and information technology: the implementation of network-based applications in a financial services organization. Thesis, University of Arizona. https://www.learntechlib.org/p/120910/
Fannin, Bartholomew. 2008. Bolman and Deal: an Irish Perspective. Thesis (Ed.D.) — National University of Ireland, Galway. Abstract at http://www.nuigalway.ie/education/downloads/masters/m_ed_dissertation_listing/fannin_bartley_abstract_webpage.pdf
Gamble, M. W. 2003. “Living logos”: Framing the discourse of the university presidency. Ed. D. thesis. West Virginia University. Retrieved 24 July, 2008, from http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2869
Garcon, R. 2012. Identifying quantitative relationships among student affairs administrators pertaining to their leadership frames and practices. Dissertation, University of Phoenix.
Gilson, Joan Tedrow. 1994. A leadership study: public higher education administrators in Missouri compared with the Bolman-Deal database on multi-frame, multi-sector leadership. Thesis (Ph.D.)–University of Missouri-Kansas City. 163p.
Greener, S. 2018. Reframing innovative teaching. Interactive Learning Environments, 26(4), 425-426. DOI: 10.1080/10494820.2018.1457135
Griffin, Marshall S. 2005.A Comparison of the Leadership Orientations of Chairpersons of Biology and English Departments at Baccalaureate and Master’s Institutions in the Southern Region. Dissertation, University of West Virginia.
Guidry, Tessie Chambliss. 2007. Women deans’ perceptions of their leadership styles: A study based on Bolman and Deal’s four frame theory. Dissertation, East Carolina University.
Harlow, Janice Heim. 1994. Educational Leadership: a Frame Analysis. Thesis (Ed.D.)Seattle University, 208p. Dissertation Abstracts International, 55(08), 2227A.
Harrell, Amy Patterson. 2006. An analysis of the perceived leadership orientation of senior student affairs officers and the work satisfaction of their professional staff subordinates in the North Carolina Community College System. Doctoral Dissertation, East Carolina University.
Herringshaw, D. 2005. An investigation of leadership orientation of family and consumer sciences Extension professionals and functioning of issue teams. Dissertation, Bowling Green University.
Hollingsworth, Connie. 1995. Leadership characteristics and work ethic of Tennessee agricultural extension service home economists. Thesis (Ph.D.)–The University of Tennesseee. 147p.
Johnson, J. I. 2012. Museums, Leadership, and Transfer: An Inquiry into Organizational Supports for Learning Leadership. https://aura.antioch.edu/etds/13.
Kolb, C. Steven. 2009. Perceptions of the Use of Leadership Frames by Male and Female Superintendents by Subordinate Top-Ranking School Administrators. Thesis (Ed.D.) Seton Hall University.
Lathan, Calvin Arthur, III. 1993. The Navy environmental health officer: analysis and comparison of the accession route of the naval environmental health officers that possess strong leadership abilities. Thesis (Ed.D.)University of Southern California.
Lewis-Stankus, Sara Jane. 2007. A study of the relationship between leadership styles of principals in smaller learning communities, the number of structures and strategic configurations, and the rates of student success of 9th-graders. Thesis, University of West Virginia. http://books.google.com/books?id=K7H5JoKCavwC&pg=PP1&lpg=PP1&dq=sara+jane+lewis-stankus&source=bl&ots=s41rjyJnF3&sig=FNg2938SQf-9j_3eXpSbo5jkCeQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-2bYUZKWFJL84APiwYCQCA&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA
Little, Susan Dianne. 2010. Perception or Reality? A Frame Analysis of Leadership Behavior, Style and Effectiveness Among Selected Community College Administrators. Thesis (Ed.D.), University of North Carolina-Charlotte.
Livengood, J. A. 2012. The Leadership Orientations and Effectiveness of College and University Career Services Directors. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Nevada-Las Vegas. The Leadership Orientations and Effectiveness of College and University Career Services Directors (unlv.edu)
Lowe, Z. 2023. Simultaneous Relationships Between Leadership Orientation, Leader-Member Exchange, Job Satisfaction, and Intention to Quit Among New Public School Teachers. Doctoral Dissertation, Tiffin University.
Maitra, A 2007. An Analysis of Leadership Styles and Practices of University Women in Administrative Vice Presidencies. Doctoral Dissertation, Bowling Green University. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?acc_num=bgsu1178711590
Mathis, S. G. 1999. The relationship of leadership frame use of departmental chairs to faculty job satisfaction as perceived by selected departmental faculty members. Dissertation, University of West Virginia.
Martinez, Richard Stephen. 1996. Self and administrative designee perceptions of leadership orientations of elementary principals who have and have not completed the California School Leadership Academy. Thesis (Ed.D.) University of La Verne.
Matalon, B. Y. 1997. An examination of attitude toward change as a predictor of policy/program implementation. Dissertation, Florida International University. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/dissertations/AAI9813424/
Mathis, Saralyn Grenga, 1999. The Relationship of Leadership Frame Use of Departmental Chairs to Faculty Job Satisfaction as Perceived by Selected Departmental Faculty Members, Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences VOL 60(6-A), 1936.
McGowan, E. 2017. Leadership capabilities and challenges in the physiotherapy profession in Ireland. Thesis, Trinity College, University of Dublin. http://www.tara.tcd.ie/bitstream/handle/2262/80556/Corrected%20thesis.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Metze, Tony A. 2004. Multi-Frame Leadership with South Carolina Lutheran Clergy. Dissertation, Gordon Conwell Theological Seminary.
Miller, P. A. 1998. Directors/chairpersons of occupational therapy professional programs: A study of leadership in higher education. Dissertation, Columbia University. http://digitalcommons.libraries.columbia.edu/dissertations
Miron, Dorina. 1994. A Pilot Study to Assess the Relevance of Bolman and Deals Framing Theory to the Management of Stress in Newsrooms. University of Missouri. Dissertation Abstracts International, 55(05), 1158A.
Mosser, N.R. A study of the relationship between the perceived leadership style of nursing chairpersons and the organizational climate in baccalaureate nursing programs. Dissertation Abstracts International. UMI Dissertation Services Item: AA19999952.
Peasley, Robert Bruce. 1992. The California School Leadership Academy: its effects on the leadership orientations of California secondary principals. Thesis (Ed.D.)–University of Laverne. 1992.
Powers, T. M. 2002. A case study of the prevailing and preferred cognitive frames of campus plan goals in two west Texas schools. Dissertation, Texas Tech University. http://esr.lib.ttu.edu/dissertations/AAI3043211/
Pritchett, W. 2006. The relationship between the president’s leadership style(s) at Tennessee’s public four-year institutions and the job satisfaction of their chief academic leaders. Dissertation: Middle Tennessee State University, 2006. Dissertation Abstracts International, 67, no. 03A, p. 865.
Probst, M.B., 2011. An analysis of leadership frame preference of academic administration: Using the Bolman and Deal four frame model. Dissertation: Capella University. http://gradworks.umi.com/34/50/3450562.html
Reyes, J. B. B. Leadership Orientation and Supervisory Practices of School Heads and Their Relationship to Performance of Teachers in Selected Public Elementary Schools in the Dep. Ed. Division of Bulacan. Dissertation, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Sta. Mesa, Manila,
Rivers, Peggy G . 1996. A frame analysis of principals leadership orientations (multiframe thinking). Thesis (Ed.D.)University of Central Florida.
Roth, Renee. 2021 Swimming upstream: analyzing the career trajectories among baby boomer women in two corporate settings. Thesis (Ed.D.) University of St. Thomas. Swimming Upstream: Analyzing the Career Trajectories among Baby Boomer Women in Two Corporate Settings (stthomas.edu)
Schumacher, K.A., 2011. Viewing the impact of shared services through the four frames of Bolman and Deal . Link
Scott, David Kent. 1997. An exploratory study of leadership and organizational climate/culture of NCAA and NAIA Finalists for the 1995-1996 Sears Directors Cup (Athletic Directors). University of Northern Colorado. Dissertation Abstracts International. Volume: 58-08, Section: A, page: 3063.
Scull, W. R. 1994. An inquiry into the theoretical dispositions of educational leaders. Doctoral Dissertation. University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Publication Number 9424979.
Shipley, S. D. 2000. A study to identify cognitive frames accessed by special education administrators under conditions of required change. Dissertation, Texas Tech University. http://esr.lib.ttu.edu/dissertations/AAI9991827/
Small, T.T. 2002. A study of the relationship between the perceived leadership style of nursing chairpersons and the organizational effectiveness of baccalaureate nursing programs. Dissertation Abstracts International. UMI Dissertation Services Item: AA13055943.
Sypawka, William. 2008. A Study of Division Deans’ in the North Carolina Community College System Self Perceived Leadership Style Based on Bolman and Deal’s Four Frame Theory. Dissertation, East Carolina University. Link
Strickland, J. S. 1992. Leadership perspectives of Tennessee school leaders. East Tennessee State University. Dissertation Abstracts International, 53(04), 1018a.
Stuart, Victoria L. 2015. Reframing the Academic Research Library in the U.S.: Perceptions of Change from Library Leaders. Graduate Theses and Dissertations. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6032/
Suzuki, Yoko Caryl. 1994. A comparative study of the leadership orientations frames of California, Asian and other public school principals. Thesis (Ed.D.)University of LaVerne, 121p.
Tan, Mabel. 2014. The Influence of Multiframe Leadership on Organizational Climate in a Private University in Malaysia. Thesis (Ph.D.), Institute of Educational Leadership, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.
Thomas, K. 2002. Perceptions Regarding Leadership Orientations of Local School Board Chairpersons in the Commonwealth of Virginia. Dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-04212002-221836/unrestricted/ThomasKaye.PDF
Tobe, D. E. 1999. The development of cognitive leadership frames among African American female college presidents. Dissertation, Columbia University. http://digitalcommons.libraries.columbia.edu/
Trees, Diane, 2006. Leadership orientations of senior administrators at American Metropolitan Universities. Dissertation, University of Central Florida. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/1071,
Ullah, S. 2021. Benefits and Challenges of a Quality Enhancement Cell in Nursing Education and Application of Bolman and Deal’s four-frame Organization Theory: The Pakistani Perspective. South Asian Res J Nurs Health Care, 3(5), 86-89. DOI: 10.36346/sarjnhc.2021.v03i05.005
Ulmer, M. A. 2002. Principals’ leadership practices in the context of state assessments. Dissertation, University of Connecticut.
Walker, G. W. 1999. The relationship between secondary school teachers’ perceptions of empowerment and a principal’s leadership style. Thesis, East Tennessee State University. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2987
Washington, Nancy Gay. 1996. Special Education Administrators: Paths of Preparation and Models of Practice (Oklahoma, Compliance). Thesis (Ed.D.)–Oklahoma State University.
Welch, C. 2002. Leadership frames of female presidents of American research universities. Dissertation, University of North Texas. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3196/
Wells, S.C. 2009. A comparison of the nursing costs associated with the implementation of the mandated nurse-to-patient ratios in California. Ph.D Dissertation at University of MO- Kansas City. http://gradworks.umi.com/33/94/3394768.html
Winans, David P. School Board/Superintendent frames of reference from school districts engaged in systemic change.